Convert all instances of C standard library headers to C++ ones with clang-tidy

Contains most of the changes from !2115 (merged), except

• the removal of some std:: namespace selections for in reco/detectors/trd/unpack/CbmTrdUnpackAlgoR.h/cxx
• the addition of some missing <csdint> probably induced by changes in GCC 13 and 14

@e.clerkin: The second commit of !2115 (merged) is basically a subset of the changes introduced here, so merging this first should allow to reduce the other MR to things fixing problems with GCC 13/14 (e.g. testing compilation of this branch on your system should allow to narrow down the errors). If we go this way you will probably need to do an interactive rebase and drop your 2nd and 3rd commits.

@f.uhlig: Labelled it for now only as WarnFix as not sure of which label match best what we do here (maybe Code Styling?)